Proof

Proof

What a 3.87% error on unseen data actually proves

Updated 2026-08-19 · 3 min read

Short answer

Hiding recent months from a model and making it predict them tells you whether it learned your business or just memorized your history. One of our client models scored 3.87% on a three-month hidden window, against 4.85% in training. That proves it generalizes. It does not prove every channel number inside it is right — only a test does that.

Ask a vendor how accurate their model is and you usually get an R-squared, a fit chart, or a case study. All three answer a different question than the one you asked.

Error on unseen data — the only accuracy number that counts
Fit on data it could see4.85%
Predicting 3 months it never saw3.87%
Our 10% ceiling — above this we do not ship, and you get your money backReal client model, 14 markets, 22 channels

Predicting months it never saw came in below the fit on months it did. That is the signature of a model that learned the business instead of memorizing its history.

What is a holdout test?

Holdout test
Remove the most recent months and build the model without them. Then make it predict those months blind. That error is the only accuracy number that says anything about the future.

Fitting the past is not hard. A flexible enough model traces any history perfectly and predicts nothing. In-sample fit measures memorizing. Holdout error measures learning.

What does it not prove?

A strong holdout proves the model predicts the total well. It does not prove the split between channels is right.

  • Two channels that moved together in your history can trade credit without changing the total at all.
  • The hidden window is one stretch of one business. Evidence, not a guarantee about a different spend level.
  • A model can predict well and still be wrong about cause.
What a test does to a model
salesspend →no tests run
The model’s estimateHow unsure it isA real test result

A model with nothing to check it against. The line looks confident. The shaded area is how wrong it could be — and at high spend, it could be very wrong. This is what you are moving budget on when nobody tests.

What should you ask a vendor for?

  1. 01The error on a recent client model, and how long the hidden window was.
  2. 02The training error next to it, so you can see the gap.
  3. 03Whether the hidden window was chosen before or after the model was built.
  4. 04How many versions they tried before the one they are showing you.
  5. 05What happened the last time a model failed.
If a vendor will not tell you their error on unseen data, that silence is your answer.

What counts as a good error?

Depends on the KPI and the grain. For weekly retail traffic, low single digits is strong. What matters is the comparison to training error. We will not ship above 10%.

How long should the hidden window be?

Three to six months of weekly data is our standard. Too short and you are testing against noise.

Can a model be useful without this?

It can be interesting. It should not move budget.

Does a good holdout mean the channel numbers are right?

No. Total accuracy and channel accuracy are different claims. Match-market tests check the second.

Find your wasted third

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